矩阵是其中元素以二维矩形布局布置的R对象。 它们包含相同原子类型的元素。 虽然我们可以创建一个只包含字符或只包含逻辑值的矩阵,但它们没有太多用处。 我们使用包含数字元素的矩阵用于数学计算。
使用matrix()函数创建一个矩阵。
语法
在R语言中创建矩阵的基本语法是 -
matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
以下是所使用的参数的说明 -
数据是成为矩阵的数据元素的输入向量。
nrow是要创建的行数。
ncol是要创建的列数。
byrow是一个逻辑线索。 如果为TRUE,则输入向量元素按行排列。
dimname是分配给行和列的名称。
例
创建一个以数字向量作为输入的矩阵
# Elements are arranged sequentially by row. M <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE) print(M) # Elements are arranged sequentially by column. N <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = FALSE) print(N) # Define the column and row names. rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4") colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3") P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(rownames, colnames)) print(P)
当我们执行上面的代码,它产生以下结果 -
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 4 5 [2,] 6 7 8 [3,] 9 10 11 [4,] 12 13 14 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 7 11 [2,] 4 8 12 [3,] 5 9 13 [4,] 6 10 14 col1 col2 col3 row1 3 4 5 row2 6 7 8 row3 9 10 11 row4 12 13 14
访问矩阵的元素
可以通过使用元素的列和行索引来访问矩阵的元素。 我们考虑上面的矩阵P找到下面的具体元素。
# Define the column and row names. rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4") colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3") # Create the matrix. P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(rownames, colnames)) # Access the element at 3rd column and 1st row. print(P[1,3]) # Access the element at 2nd column and 4th row. print(P[4,2]) # Access only the 2nd row. print(P[2,]) # Access only the 3rd column. print(P[,3])
当我们执行上面的代码,它产生以下结果 -
[1] 5 [1] 13 col1 col2 col3 6 7 8 row1 row2 row3 row4 5 8 11 14
矩阵计算
使用R运算符对矩阵执行各种数学运算。 操作的结果也是一个矩阵。对于操作中涉及的矩阵,维度(行数和列数)应该相同。
矩阵加法和减法
# Create two 2x3 matrices. matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow = 2) print(matrix1) matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow = 2) print(matrix2) # Add the matrices. result <- matrix1 + matrix2 cat("Result of addition"," ") print(result) # Subtract the matrices result <- matrix1 - matrix2 cat("Result of subtraction"," ") print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码,它产生以下结果 -
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 -1 2 [2,] 9 4 6 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 5 0 3 [2,] 2 9 4 Result of addition [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 8 -1 5 [2,] 11 13 10 Result of subtraction [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] -2 -1 -1 [2,] 7 -5 2
矩阵乘法和除法
# Create two 2x3 matrices. matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow = 2) print(matrix1) matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow = 2) print(matrix2) # Multiply the matrices. result <- matrix1 * matrix2 cat("Result of multiplication"," ") print(result) # Divide the matrices result <- matrix1 / matrix2 cat("Result of division"," ") print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码,它产生以下结果 -
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 3 -1 2 [2,] 9 4 6 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 5 0 3 [2,] 2 9 4 Result of multiplication [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 15 0 6 [2,] 18 36 24 Result of division [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 0.6 -Inf 0.6666667 [2,] 4.5 0.4444444 1.5000000